Grammars Summary
Book13 1 We use so
after some verbs as a substitute for a that –noun clause . the most
common verbs followed by so are think ,believe ,guess, hope ,imagine ,
and suppose Will jack come to the party ? I think so .( I think that jack will come ) Has bill finished his work ? I
hope so .(I hope that bill has finished his work) The negative depends on the verb: I think so ……………I don’t think so I believe so ………….I don’t believe so I imagine so ………….I don’t imagine so I suppose so ……………I don’t suppose so I guess so …………I guess not I hope so ……………..I hope not |
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Book13 2 We use a that – clause
after the adjective certain, sure, positive. to express an opinion
about someone or something I’m certain that ,I can go this
weekend He’s sure that he’ll pass the test. We‘re positive that we’ll have
enough money for the car. The conjunction “ that “ is many
times omitted in conversation |
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Book13 3 The –er and – est forms are used with one –syllable adverbs. Early earlier (than) the earliest Far farther (than ) the farthest Further (than) the furthest Hard harder than the hardest High higher than the highest Late later than the latest Low lower than the lowest Near nearer than the nearest Slow slower than the slowest Soon sooner than the
soonest Straight straighter than the straightest Early is an exception to the rule |
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Book13 4 Could is frequently
used to request permission it is like may and can Could I borrow your book .please ? May I ask you a question / Can I leave early today? Can or cant are usually used as responses to a request for permission with could Could I borrow your book ,please ? Yes ,of course you can Could I leave early today? I’m sorry .your can’t |
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Book13 5 May ,might, and could
are used to express possibility He may be in his office He might be eating lunch He could be at home Can ,and is/am/are able to are used to express ability in the
present or future , could and was /were able to are
used for the past . She can speak three languages They are able to speak French and
Spanish My grand father was able to speak
Russian May ,can,and could are used to
request a permission May I come in ? Can I swim here ? Could I use your phone ? |
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Book13 6 Could may can Do you mind if …..? Is it okay to ………….? Would it be okay to ……….? Is it okay if …………….? |
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Book13 7 Adjective usually modify
or describe nouns A nice day A cold winter Nouns can also modify nouns ,they are called noun adjuncts
they are always singular . A store that sell shoes is a shoe
store My brother drives trucks , he a
truck driver . When a noun modifies another
noun . the first noun is stressed A can opener
A wedding ring Some
paint brushes |
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Book13 8 The term phrasal verb
refers to a verb and an adverb that together. This verb and
adverb have a special meaning He put on his hat She wrote down the telephone number They threw away the old newspaper Many times a phrasal verb will
have an object There are two possible positions
for the object . if the object is a noun . it can come before the adverb or
after it He turned on the radio He turned the radio on She’ll look up the word in the
dictionary She’ll look the word up in the
dictionary If the object of phrasal verb is
a pronoun (me,you,him,her,etc),the pronoun must be between the verb
and the adverb I like the hat . try it on I’ll give you the money .but you
must pay it back She’s sleeping .don’t wake her up Phrasal verbs are very common in
conversation . |
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Book13 9 When a modal is used
in direct speech ,it is
frequently changed in reported speech Direct speech (present tense
) reported speech
(past tense ) May
might Might might Can
could Am/is/are able you
was/were able to |
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Book13 10 The suffix –er and –or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to express the
meaning of “ one who “ or “ that which “ He teaches students to read He’s a teacher She collects stamps She’s a stamp collector
Collector , visitor ,educator ,and instructor are
spelled with – or |
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Book13 11 The question word how has many uses ,it is
often used with adjectives to ask questions How long asks about length How high asks about height How tall asks about length How far asks about length How wide asks about width How deep asks about depth How old asks about age How heavy asks about weight How hot/cold asks about
temperature A question with what can
be used for a question with how How long is it ? What’s its length / * tall is used to refer to someone or something from the
ground up ;high is used
when talking about something at a point above the ground |
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Book13 12 To change INCHES to CEN-S
multiply by 2.5400 To change FEET to METRS
multiply by 0.3048 To change YARDS to METRS
multiply by 0.9144. To change MILES to KILOM
multiply by 1.6093 |
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Book13 13 certain if-conditional
sentences express something that is true .the simple present
tense can be used in the if-clause and the imperative or present tense
in the main clause IF-CLAUSE (condition) (result ) If the TV doesn’t work ,push this
button If I get up at 0600, I get work on
time . If I don’t eat lunch , I become
hungry by 2:00 p.m |
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Book13 14 Large quantities Many is used to refer to count
nouns Much is used to refer to no count
nouns ,it’s usually used in negative sentences A lot is used to refer to both
count and non count nouns Small quantities A few is used to refer to count
nouns A little is used to refer to non
count nouns General quantities Some ,any ,and are used to refer
to both count and non count nouns Use some in affirmative statement
and question Use any in negative statement and
question Use non |
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Book14 1 Count nouns are that may be preceded by a or an in the singular A book a man An apple a fish |
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Book14 2 Count nouns can be made plural
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Book 14 3 The –es or –s that is added to count nouns to form plural has three
deferent pronunciation /IZ/ /S/ /Z/ Boxes
books
tables Dresses
suits sons Sandwiches cooks
words Dishes
cups
windows Pages boots
boys Horses
recruits
duties Quizzes
ranks jobs Chances
basics
caves Classes
eggs Service |
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Book14 4 Just and soon are
adverbs of time. Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past
Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near
future Ex: john just arrived from N.Y. His brother will arrive from L.A
soon. |
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Book14 5 We use an as ……….as construction with adjectives and adverbs
to make comparisons look at the examples 1.
jack
is twenty years old bill is twenty years old jack is as old as bill ( they are the
same age ) 2.
fred
is rich fred is richer than his brother john john is non as rich as his brother fred
3.
Linda
finished her work in two hours betty finished in the same time betty worked as fast as Linda worked ( betty and Linda worked at the same
speed ) 4.
bob
studies hard every night mary sometimes studies mary doesn’t study as hard as bob does
( bob studies harder than mary |
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Book14 6 The future progressive
is formed with : Will+be +verb –ing It is used to express an action
that will be in progress at or up to a particular time in the future We’ll be leaving at noon on Friday
Tom wont be leaving until
midnight tonight |
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Book14 7 We can use certain adverbs before
adjectives and other adverbs to make the meaning stronger These adverbs have the general
meaning stronger These adverbs have the general
meaning of very for example Extremely cheap ( adverb+
adjective ) Really interesting ( adverb+
adjective ) Rather good ( adverb+ adjective ) Terribly noisy ( adverb+ adjective
) Quite fast ( adverb+ adverb ) So well ( adverb+ adverb ) Very quickly( adverb+ adverb ) |
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Book14 8 Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place
.it comes right after the place We found a restaurant The food was good (at the
restaurant ) We found a restaurant where the
food was good ( where refers to restaurant , a
place ) When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of
time it comes right after the noun The summer was hot We went to The summer when we went to ( when refer to summer ,a noun of
time ) |
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Book14 9 Certain if-conditional
sentences express something that is true . the present progressive
or the present perfect can be used in the if – clause ,and the future ,a
model ,or the imperative can be use in the main clause
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Book14 10 A gerund is the
–ing form of a verb Examples eating ,playing ,sleeping
A gerund is used as a
noun . the most common noun function of the gerund is the object
of a verb the gerund plus the words that go with it is called a gerund
phrase He enjoys teaching English We finshed working a bout an hour
ago A gerund or gerund
phrase can also be used as the subject of a sentence Driving on wet roads can be
dangerous Learning a second language is fun A gerund or gerund
phrase can be used as the object of a preposition You can turn off the radio by
pushing this button Are you interested in learning
german ? He apologized for being late The following is a list of
common preposition combinations with verbs and adjectives that gerund can be
follow: Verb+preposition Apologize for ,Believe in ,Decide
on ,Finish with, Look forward to , Plan on ,Thank someone for , Adjective +preposition, Afraid of ,Bored with ,Excited
about ,Fond of ,Frightened of ,Happy about , Interested in ,Nervous about,
Proud of, Scared of, talk about , Think of ,Tired of ,Worried about
, |
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Book14 11 Must is used with the simple present tense or the present
progressive to the simple express probability. Steve is smiling .he must be happy
I smell smoke .something must be
burning Must not is used for the negative John’s lights are off he must not
be at home Betty isn’t eating ,she must not
be hungry |
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Book14 12 We use the modals must
,may ,might and could To make deductions and
conditions from the information that we receive Must is used when we are very sure or very certain
about something may,might and could are used when we are less
sure or certain Must …………..very sure May Might Could ……….less sure |
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Book14 13 Will and be going to are both used to express future time Frank will finish packing tonight He is going to finish packing
tonight Could and would are used to make
requests Would you close the window ,please
? Could you please hand me to to
sugar? |
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Book14 14 Should and ought to
are both used to give advice You don’t look good .you should
see a doctor You don’t look good ,you ought to
see a doctor The negative contraction
of should is shouldn’t Ought to is not usually used in the negative or questions |
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Book14 15 When a modal is
used in direct speech ,it is frequently changed in reported speech
Notice that had to is
used instead of must in past tense reported speech when must
means necessity |
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Book15 1 There are some adverbs that are
called adverbs of frequency (never ,ever
,seldom,,always,usually ,often frequently ,occasionally, sometimes) Notice where they are in the sentences.
the most common position is before the verb ,but after be they
can also come at the beginning or end of sentence
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Book15 2 More and most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for the
comparative and superlative forms
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These are some examples of
adverbs formed by adding –ly to adjectives * note the spelling
changes
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Book15 3 The suffix – ion may
be added to some verbs to form nouns .note the spelling Changes
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Book15 4 We use will and
would to say what we want or want to do Can I help you please? Yes ,I’d like a cheese sandwich (= I want a cheese sandwich) We’re having a party next weekend
.can you come? Yes, I’d love to. (=yes ,I’ want to help you with it) |
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Book15 5 Should ,ought to ,and be supposed to have with it the same meaning they are used to give
advice
We’re
supposed to take off our hats inside used
to is used to express an activity
Situation ,or a habit that existed in the past But
which no longer exists *I used
to smoke ten years ago ,but I don’t any longer Would is used to express an action that repeated regularly
in the past Use
to – can also be used this way
Must Is used to express deduction and probability
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Book15 6 Can is used to say that something is possible *we can see the lake from the
living room *you can walk to the pool .it’s
very close * flying in an airplane can be
dangerous |
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Book15 7 To express an indefinite place
or location we use the adverbs some where ,anywhere
and nowhere This is how are used : Somewhere in affirmative questions/ statements Anywhere in affirmative questions/ negative statements Nowhere in short answers. (nowhere means not anywhere ) Are you going somewhere ? Are you ging anywhere ?
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Book15 8 Was were going to is used to say what someone intended to do in the
past ,but didn’t *John was going to fly to * my sister was going to meet me
for dinner ,but she forgot |
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Book15 9 The word else is
used with adverb and pronoun compounds of some- ,any- , no-,and
every -: Somebody else /some one else = some other person Anybody else /any body else
/any one else =any other person Every body else /every one
else = every other person Some thing else = some other thing Any thing else =any other thing Nothing else =no other thing Every thing else = every other thing Some where else =in/at /to some other place Any where else =in/at /to any other place Nowhere else =in/at/to every other place |
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Book15 10 When a modal is
used in direct speech .it is sometimes change in reported speech ,notice will/would
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Book15 11 The following words are reflexive
pronouns : Myself ,ourselves, Yourself, yourselves Him self , them selves Herself Itself A reflexive pronoun is used as
an object and refers to the sentence or clause * sometimes reflexive pronouns
are used for emphasis |
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Book15 12 We use adjectives after
certain verbs called linking verbs. when adjective is
used after a linking verb, the adjective modifies the subject of the sentence
The most common linking verbs
are : Appear ,get ,smell ,Be, keep ,sound
,Become, seem, taste Your friend is very nice The coffee tastes strong Tom appeared calm during the storm
The food will remain cold on the
ice Bill seems nervous about his
operation |
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Book15 13 The suffix –ly can
be added to nouns of time make adjectives and ,the most common are : Day +ly daily Hour +ly hourly Month +ly monthly Night +ly nightly Week +ly weekly Year +ly yearly The + ly words above can
be use as both adjectives and adverbs |
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Book16 1
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Book16 2
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Book16 3 Use the infinitive of the
verb (without to) After “why don’t you “
and “ why not “
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Book16 4 the past perfect tense
expresses an activity that was completed before another activity
occurred in the past
The past perfect tense is formed
by using had with the past participle of the verb . it is used
when you are talking about two thing that have already |
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Book16 5
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Book16 6 Passive voice : be-
passive
To form the be – passive : Add be+ - ed ( past
participle ) to the verb move the object of the sentence to the subject
position Add by to the original subject
and move it to the agent position . the agent may be omitted |
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Book16 7
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Book16 8
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Book16 9
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Book16 10
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Book16 11 It is safe to drink water from
this lake ?
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Book16 12
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Book16 13
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Book16 14
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Book16 15
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Book17 1 The linking verbs
in the list are used to express a state or condition they also reflect A point of view
This can also be placed at the beginning
or at the end of the sentence |
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Book17 2 To be often follows the verbs appear and
seem in the pattern
This is sometimes placed at the
beginning or at the end of the sentence |
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Book17 3 Indirect speech : yes / no
questions
Note that the present tense
verbs change to past tense , the order of the verb and the subject changes
,and the pronouns and possive adjectives change from one person to another |
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Book17 4
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Book17 5
When a yes /no question
is changed to a noun clause ,whether or if is used to introduce the clause
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Book17 6
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Book17 7
When
a question –word question is changed a noun clause The
same question word is used to introduce the clause |
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Book17 8
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Book17 9
Note that in this type of
sentence , the noun or pronoun comes before the adjective |
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Book17 10 Active voice
Passive voice
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Book17 11
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Book17 12
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Book17 13
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Book17 14
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Book17 15 He went downtown , I went downtown
He went downtown , and I did too (so did I ) She doesn’t like fish , they don’t
like fish She doesn’t like ,and neither do
they (They
don’t either) |
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Book18 1 Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join nouns ,adjectives
,adverbs ,phrases ,and clauses. Both …..And and not only …..but also indicate addition Either .or indicates choice /alternative Neither ………nor indicates negative
choice / addition Each conjunction should
be placed immediately in front Of the word ,phrase ,or clause
it connects. Both Janet and her sister arrived
last night . You can either go with me or stay
here. He’s not only intelligent but also
wealthy When the compound subjects of
sentence are joined by either
……..or / neither …nor ,the general rule is that the number of the
verb is determined by the number of the noun phrase closest to it . Either mr Reynolds or his sons
always attend the company’s annual meeting . Neither passengers nor the bus
driver was injured in the accident . |
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Book18 2 Lt hill flew the plane The plane was flown by lt hill |
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Book18 3 Ann : what is the matter ,tom ? Why are you so late ? Ann asked (tom) what the matter
was Why he was so
late . |
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Book18 4 it +be –verb + adj + that
noun clause .
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Book18 5
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Book18 6
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Book18 7
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Book18 8
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Book18 8
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Book18 9 Sub + verb + direct object +
to-inf
These are some of the verbs
which can appear in this pattern Ask, advice ,allow ,cause
,convince ,expect , help , instruct ,invite ,need ,order , permit ,require ,select
,teach ,tell, want ,warn ,would like |
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Book18 10 Negative questions are formed by
adding the word not after the verb or modal : Were you not at the meeting Did the secretary not notify you ? Why was every one not told it ? However ,a contraction of and
the verb or modal is almost always used in informal speech and writing Weren’t you at the meeting ? Didn’t the secretary notify you ? Why wasn’t everyone told about it
? The use of a negative yes-no
question indicates that the speaker thinks he already knows the answer.
He hopes for or expects an affirmative response from the listener ,even
though he doesn’t always receive one Wasn’t the game postponed ? Yes ,it was off until next weekend
. Haven’t we met some where before ? No ,I don’t believe so A negative question that begins
with a question –word is simply a request for information Why wasn’t the game held today ? The coach had to be out of town Who hasn’t met the new commander
yet ? No one in our office has |
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Book18 11
Agreement I think so ,too Yes,you’re right . I couldn’t agree more ( means I agree ) That’s just what I was thinking I was going to say the same thing You took the words right out of my
mouth Disagreement If you ask me …… But on the other hand . Yes ,that’s true .but …that’s not
exactly what I mean I’m not sure that I agree with
that Well, you have a good point ,but Do you think it’s right to say
that ? It’s true that . ,but it’s also
true that ……. |
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Book18 12 Can’t / couldn’t as logical
impossibility Can’t and couldn’t are often used
to mean “ it’s not possible that “or “ it’s impossible that ..) It’s not possible for the car to
be out of gas It’s impossible for the car to be
out of gas The car can’t /couldn’t be out of gas |
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Book18 13 Have ,make and get Have ,make ,and get are often used to indicate that one person
has the power to force another to do something The major can’t attend the meeting
,he’ll have the captain go instead When the I’ve been calling the store for an
hour ,but I can’t get any one there to answer the phone Get is followed by a noun or pronoun and a to-infinitive
,have and make are followed by a noun or pronoun and
infinitive without to
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Book18 14 Modals in the perfect
tense have the following meanings : May have ,might have ,and could have express possibility about
a past action or condition The secretary may have gone to
lunch They might have taken a different
flight You could have cashed a check at
the px Must have indicates that deduction is being made about a
past action or condition They’re not hungry .they must have
already eaten Should have ,and ought to have indicate that a past obligation
wasn’t fulfilled .they also express the idea that a sensible was not
taken We should have asked ted to eat
dinner with us I ought to have studied more for
the test Should not have is used to indicate
that a past action or condition was not wise He shouldn’t have changed lanes
without signaling |
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Book18 15
Many Americans use “ who “
instead of “whom “ |
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Book18 16
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Book19 1 Many phrasal verbs and phrasal
propositional verbs are inseparable ,that they cannot be separated by an
object ,some ,however can be either
separable or inseparable they often have one meaning when they are separable
and a different one when they are separable and a different one when they are
inseparable .these verbs are included in the list and marked with an asterisk
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Book19 2 To show that people own or
possess something ,we added apostrophe and –s (‘s) to a
singular noun or irregular plural noun .the pronunciation is the same as with
plural nouns When the final sound is voiced
(words that end with the letters m,n,b,v,l,r,g, or a vowel we
pronounce ‘s as /z/ Sally rents apartment This is sally’s apartment The restroom for men is next to
the elevator The men’s restroom is next to the
elevator The women own that car That’s the women’s car When the final sound is
voiceless (words that end with the letter s,t,p,f,k ) we pronounce ‘s
as /s / The report the lieutenant made was
long The lieutenant’s report was long When the final sound ends in the
letters s ,sh ,ch,ge ,x,or z we pronounce ‘s as /ez/ When we have a plural noun
,we add only the apostrophe (‘) after the final -s the pronounciation doesn’t change The students have books Those are the students’ books The lunchroom for the employees is
closed The employees’ lunch room is
closed |
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Book19 3
Possive adjectives and
pronouns
Possessive adjectives are used
before nouns This is my pen That’s your book These her papers Possessive pronouns are used alone
without nouns This pen is mine That book is yours These papers are yours These are hers The pronoun its is not commonly
used |
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Book19 4 Couldn’t have We use couldn’t have +past participle to express
logical impossibility about a past action Mark couldn’t have quit the job I saw him at work just this
morning Lt rice couldn’t have been
promoted yet He only recently became a
lieutenant Mary couldn’t have called me last
night My phone was out of order George couldn’t have been in
school the 25 th It was a Sunday |
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Book19 5 We use could have =past
participle to express past unfulfilled ability Curtis could have gone to college He decided to get a job instead Molly could have been a supervisor
But she turned down the offer |
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Book19 6 Few /afew and little
/alittle can be used as adjectives
and pronouns when we them as adjectives and pronouns .when we use them as
adjectives ,we use a few /few with count nouns and a little /little with
noncount nouns Michelle has a few friends Michelle has few friends (friends can be counted ) Jan likes a little sugar in her
coffee Jan likes little sugar in her
coffee (sugar cannot be counted) A few and a little express ,in a positive way
,the presence of something even though in a small quantity A few people attended the concert
(several people were there ) John knows alittle about comuters (he knows some things ) Few and little express ,in a negative way
,the absence of nearly all quantity Few people attended the meeting
(not many people went ) Larry knows little about physics (he knows almost nothing about it
) |
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Book19 7 Conditional sentences :past unreal condition or situation Conditional sentences have two parts : the if-clause and the main clause .one
type of Conditional sentences is used to show a past unreal
condition or situation . it tells what
could ,would or might have happened in the past if a certain condition or
situation had been true .the ief –clause has the past perfect tense ,and the
main clause uses could have /might have /would have = a past participle .note That if – clause may come before or after the main clause
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Book19 8 Suffixes –able and -ible are added to certain nouns and verbs to make adjectives
.these adjectives have the meaning of “capable of “or showing
/having “ Sam agrees with everything we say He ‘s very agreeable Smoking isn’t permitted here It’s not permissible here Here is a partial list of same
nouns and verbs to which –able and –ible can be added:
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Book19 9 Wish :past unreal situation We use wish +that noun clause
(containing a past perfect verb ) to express regret about a past
situation .the word “that “ is optional I wish (that ) I had become a
doctor instead of teacher Amy wishes (that) she hadn’t
brought that dress last week because it’s on sale now Do you wish (that ) you had gone
to college instead of getting married ? |
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Book19 10 Too and very Very is used to express” to a great degree “it means a
lot or much This box is very heavy ,but ray
can pick it up My coffee’s very hot ….just the
way I like it Too is used to express excessiveness .it means more
than enough ,the use of too implies a negative result This box is too heavy ,ray can’t
pick it up My coffee’s too hot to drink ,I’ll
wait until it cools off . Both too and very are placed
before adjectives or adverbs |
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Book19 11 a passive to- infinitive
(to +be +past participle )can be used as a direct object of certain
verbs such as expect ,hope ,need,prefer and want
. Mike expect to be obserced on his
job today Lt wyn hopes to be considered for
that assignment The general would like to be
served immediately The colonel needs to be answered
homestly Mr smith prefers not to be
disturbed before 9:00 The woman want to be given respect
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Book19 12 Indirect speech : reported
present progressive . A present progressive tense in direct
speech should be changed to the progressive in indirect speech Ann: I’m going to the coast this
weekend Ann said that she was going to the
coast this weekend Ed : al ,wre you taking the bus to
work tomorrow ? Ed asked me if /whether iwas
taking the bus to work tomorrow Lee: sid ,when are you planning to
go hunting ? Lee asked sid ,when he was
planning to go hunting . |
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Book20 1 Adjective quantifier Some adjective quantifiers
are used only with nouns which name things that can be counted .others
are used only with nouns naming things which cannot be counted ,many
however ,can be used with both types of nouns
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Book 20 2 To inquire about the amount or
quantity of something ,we use a question beginning with how much ,or how
many How much is used with noncount nouns and how many with count nouns How much gas
does this tank hold ? How many gallons of gas did you
buy ? To express quantity or amount
,we use the pattern below : Unit noun +of +count /non
count noun The recipe calls for a pint of
cream There were only two cans of soup
left |
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Book 20 3 How much ..? how many ………? Quantity /amount A cup of , an ounce of , a
pound of ,A glass of , a pint of
, a kilo of A bowl of , a quart of , a gallon of ,a battle of , a tea spoon of
, a jar of ,a can of , A bag of ,a table spoon of , a
loaf of , a pack of A box of , a bar of , a bunch of . A GROCERY LIST
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Book 20 4 Of with pronoun quantifiers To express quantity or amount
,we often use a pronoun that indicates “ how much “ Or how many “ followed by of All of the students went on the
tour I was able to answer most of the
questions Pronoun quantifiers +of
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Book 20 5 Present progressive
passive The present progressive
tense is used to refer to an activity or event which is currently in progress. The mechanic is repairing my car They are offering courses in
Spanish The passive form
is used when the agent either is not known or is not considered as important
the action or event My car is being repaired (by the
mechanic ) Courses in Spanish are being
offered Passive form of the present the
progressive tenses
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Book 20 6 Past progressive passive The past progressive
tense refers to actions or events which are no longer in progress Someone was painting their house
yesterday The doctor was treating the
patients The use of the passive form
emphasizes the receiver of the past action rather than its agent .it can also
indicate that the agent not known Their house was being painted
yesterday The patients were bring treated
(by the doctor ) Passive form of the past progressive
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Book 20 7 Else Notice these sentences that
contain word pairs with “else “ they are question –words ,pronouns ,
and adverbs ,they mean a different or another person ,thing ,place ,reason
,or manner Question –word
Pronouns
Adverbs
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Book 20 8 Causative have and get
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Book 20 9 Indirect speech : reported
simple past tense When a statement or question in
the past tense is reported To changes occur : 1- the tense of the verb
changes from simple past to past perfect Jane said ,”Jim joined the army “ Jane said jim had joined the army “Did anne attend the meeting ?”al
ask Al asked if anne had attended the
meeting . 2-First and second person
pronouns changed to the third person ( unless someone is reporting his own
words ) Jim said “ I joined the army “ Jim said that he had loined the
army Al asked /” did you attend the
meeting ,ann? Ann said “yes ,I went to the
meeting ,al “ Ann: I told al that I had gone to
the meeting |
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Book 20 10 -ive /-tive /ative suffix Sometimes we can add the
suffixes –ive ,-tive ,or ative to verb or noun to make an
adjective ,adjective formed in this way indicate a certain tendency
,character ,or quality Linda talks all the time ,she’s
very talkative . This watch has a defect ,it’s a
defective watch Our farm produces large crops ,the
land is very productive A change in the spelling of the
verb or noun is required in some cases .when either – tive is added to a word
that ends with the letter e ,that letter is omitted Communicate /communicative Create /creative Defense /defensive Produce /productive In other cases ,letters in the
stem are changed Destroy /destructive Persuade persuasive Produce /productive |
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Book 20 11 Comparisons of quantifiers : little
,few ,much ,many
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Book 20 12 Mary takes vitamins so (that ) she
won’t get sick He hurried so ( that ) he would n’t be late She’s studying more so (that )she
can graduate on time Phil moved to |
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Book 20 13 As much as /as many as To express the idia of equality
or the lack of it ,we can use as much as or as many as in the following
pattern As much /as many (+noun +as
+noun /pronoun (verb ) Rita knows as many people as sarah
does Ed doesn’t earn as much money as
bob As many as is used with count
nouns We took as many pictures as we
could As much as is used with
noncount (mass) nouns I don’t get as much mail as you do
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Book 20 14 Adverb comparisons
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Book 21 1 We use the comparative form
of adjectives and adverbs when we compare or imply comparison of two persons
,things ,etc .we use the superlative form when we compare or imply
comparison of three or more persons ,things ,etc . For most adjectives and adverbs
of one syllable or those of two syllables that end in er, le .ow
.ure .or y .add er to the adjective or adverb to form to
the comparative to form the superlative add the -est Comparative : -er Superlative : the – est
Adverbs
We use the word than
after the adjective or adverb when those that are being compared are
mentioned .in this structure , subject pronouns ,he ,she .we ,you ,they
, follow the word We will arrive earlier than they
(will) John runs faster than he does With most adjective and adverbs
of two or more syllables ,except those mentioned above put more or less
before the adjective or adverb to form the comparative to form the
superlative ,put the most ,or the least Comparative :more /less
Superlative : the most /the
least
Note : there are exceptions Irregular forms of adjectives and adverbs
Paul ran farther than harry Money is the further thing from my
mind |
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Book 21 2 Too +adverb+ to
+infinitive Besides meaning more than enough
or more than is necessary for a particular purpose the word too also
indicates a problem or difficulty .look at too followed by an adverb and for
+object and /or the to –infinitive
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Book 21 3 Reported past progressive
speech The past progressive is
used to describe an action in the past which happening when another action
occurred Statement with progressive
In reporting what
was said in a past progressive statement or a question ,change the past
progressive to the past perfect progressive the verb in the time
remains the same
Reported speech with past perfect progressive
Was Ben
eating when tom called What did
al say? (Ask you?) Al asked
)me ) if (whether )Ben had been eating when tom called |
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Book 21 5 Showing effect or result Punctuation
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Book 21 6 How tall is he ? How well does he play the guitar ? How sick ? How difficult ? How definite ? How often ? How near ? How many ? How fast ? How cold ? How resent ? |
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Book 21 7 In the passive the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb .the passive is formed with the verb BE +the past participle The agent may or may not appear in passive voice sentences Capt lee helps lt reed Lt ree is helped by capt lee They wash the cars the cars The cars are washed Capt lee helped lt reed Lt reed was helped by capt lee They washed the car The cars were washed Capt lee has helped lt reed Lt reed has been helped by capt
lee They have washed the cars The cars have been washed The present perfect passive is used to indicate an indefinite past action |
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Book 21 8 Changing to nouns -y Honest /honestly -ty Certain /certainty Entire /entirety Special /specialty Uncertainty Loyalty Safety -ity Electricity .formality. Reality,
personality, Regularity, Popularity, Nationality Publicity, Fatality, Stupidity,
Elasticity, Rigidity, Humidity, Technicality Seniority Ity (silent vowel dropped ) Security ,creativity –clear
.clarity –activity .severity (generous )generosity Ility (l+silent vowel) dropped) Responsibility –eligibility
–visibility –ability Sensibility –flexibility –prop
ability –ability -sensibility -capability -possibility |
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Book 21 9 A restrictive adjective clause modifies a noun by describing or giving additional information about that noun .it always directly follows so closely .this clause frequently separates the noun from the verb Adjective clauses ca n be introduced by the relative pronouns that /which .who /who and relate to the subject of the clause .in this type of structure e the clause is linked to part or all of the main clause The book is on the table it is
interesting The book that is on the table is
interesting The movie was on TV yesterday it
made me cry The movie which was on TV
yesterday made me cry The man is my neighbor .he is very
tall The man who is my neighbor is very
tall Adjective clauses may be introduced by the relative pronouns who (m) /which /that and relate to the object of the clause .the clause relative pronouns may be omitted The woman was beautiful .i met her
in the library The woman (who )m) I met in the
library was beautiful The course is very (which ) I’m
taking this semester is very difficult The wallet belongs to larry /mark
found it in the lab The wallet (that ) mark found in
the lab belongs to larry Some adjective clauses may be introduced by the relative adverbs where /when and relate to the place or time I prefer th French restaurant .we
ate there last week I prefer the French restaurant
where we ate last week Do you remember the night when we
ran out of gas Another restrictive adjective clause is introduced by the relative adjective whose ./it is used to show possession and replaces the possessive directly after the noun to which it relates almost always refers to people Last night ,we met a man .his wife
was born in The people are being transferred
we’re buying their house The people whose house we’re buying are being transferred |
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Book21 10 Non referential there +gerund There +be means something exists .it can sometimes be followed by a gerund phrase There was yelling and screaming at
the football game There will be celebrating the
graduation There is no smoking in this building
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Book 21 11 Anticipatory it + gerund A gerund is frequently used as the subject of a sentence Traveling to Not buying a new car was a big
mistake Sometimes the gerund is used in a sentence with an anticipatory it construction .the it and the gerund phrase mean the same thing It’ll be exciting traveling to It was a big mistake not buying a
new car The pattern used in these sentences is : It +be +noun /adjective +gerund phrase |
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Book 21 12 The past perfect passive is used to indicate an action or event which occurred before another action or event in the past * note that passive voice changes occur only in the main clause the statement
The report was finished al left the office now |
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Book 22 13 Adjective clause reduced to to-inf phrase Restrictive adjective clauses can be reduced to to- inf phrases .for +noun or pronoun sometimes comes before the to-inf phrase Roger has a lot (that )he must
learn Roger has a lot tom learn Mr kent is the man (whom ) you
should talk to about your taxes Mr kent is the man to talk to
about your taxes I brought some snacks (that )we can eat later I brought some snacks for us to
eat later Relative clauses introduced by when and where can also be reduced to to –inf phrases Do you know a place (where ) I can
buy batteries ? Do you know a place to buy
batteries ? Saturday’s the only day (when )I
can do the laundry Saturday’s the only day to do the
laundry I know of a good place (where )you
can meet me I know of a good place for you to
meet me |
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Book21 14 Gerunds and infinitives after be The to –inf and gerund forms can be used as subject complements after the verb be there are differences in the usage of the two Subjects which express duty ,advice, purpose Etc ,are often followed by inf –es Tim’s goal is to learn Russian Her purpose in life to be a good
teacher His favorite sport is swimming Her biggest problem is doing her
homework |
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Book 21 15 Noun clauses after certain verbs A noun clauses can be used after certain verbs a noun clauses can be used after certain verbs That express necessity and requesting .some of the more common verbs are . ask ,advice, Recommend , insist, request ,order
,command ,suggest ,urge that can be used to introduce these clauses it can also be omitted in this structure when a noun clause follows one of these verbs ,the verb in the clause has no-s for third person singular and no-ed for past tense .be is used instead of is ,am ,are ,we say that the verb is a subjective form : his mother insisted (that )he be
home at eight I suggested to john (that ) he
study for the test Mr . former recommended (that ) we
not leave today |
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Book 22 1 present progressive vs simple present tense
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Book22 2 Review of yes /no questions
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Book 22 3 Prefix re – The prefix re – has the the meaning of again Remarried reconsider .rered ,rearrange .rewrite ,Reapply , re-enlist formal speech to introduce an adverb clause of manner which expresses how someone or something tc. |
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Book 22 4 As if / as
though The conjunctions as if and as though are preferred In in formal speech to introduce an adverb clause of manner which expresses how someone or something looks .sounds .smells .feels .or seems .informally however we use like
We can also use as if or as though to show how some one does something Helen speaks as though she knows
that subject very well Bob always acts as if he’s mad Rita reads that story a though
she’s written it Colloquial or informal speech |
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Book 22 5 Suffix – ness We can add the suffix – ness to some adjectives make nouns which then express the quality or state of being : Dark /darkness . ready /readiness ,, ill /illness Dizzy /dizziness . friendly ./ friendliness .
lazy /laziness Empty /emptiness .great
/greatness quick /quickness Eager /eagerness . happy /happiness . .sick /sickness Note the spelling ,change y to I |
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Book 22 6 Noun as object complement after verbs of choosing In sentences that contain verbs of choosing ,considering and thinking ,two nouns can follow the verb .these two nouns refer the same person or the same thing .these sentences may be written different ways . The players elected Jim as their
leader The players elected Jim to be
their leader The players elected Jim their
leader (Jim =leader ) The commander has declared next
Monday as a holiday The commander has declared next
Monday to be a holiday The commander declare next Monday
a holiday (next Monday =a holiday ) Note : in some sentences either as to be can used but not both |
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Book22 7 Reducing adjective clauses to adjective phrases Sentences that contain adjective clause can be shortened by changing the adjective clauses to adjective phrases either present or past participle is used in the phrase Cars that are parked on the grass
must be moved Cars parked on the grass must be
moved No one who is taking the may leave
the room No one taking the test may leave
the room The meal that is being planned is
a special one The meal being planned is a
special one |
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Book 22 8 Reducing
adjective clauses to prepositional phrases Sentences that contain adjective clauses with a subject pronoun and the verb have and a direct object can be shortened by changing the adjective clauses to prepositional phrases .adjective clauses that contain have /don’t have are reduced to prepositional phrases containing with or without
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B00k 22 9 Sequencing modifiers before nouns Study the columns below /they show the kinds of words that can be used to describe something and the order in which the words are usually placed
1.Determiner )a .an .his. on of my .several .dozen .some .any 2. ordinal number (first ,second ……..) 3. cardinal number (1,2,3,4……) 4.Descriptive (exciting ,marvelous ……..) 5 . size .shape 6. condition .state (hot .cold ) 7 . color 8. nationality 9 . noun adjunct or gerund 10 . noun head word |
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Book 22 10 Verb +that –noun clause A clause is a group of words
that has a subject and a verb and is used as part a sentence .there are
certain verbs that are followed by that (optional )+ noun clause
The following verbs can be used
with noun clauses beginning with that Agree, figure out ,imagine , observe ,say Believe ,find out , indicate
predict ,tell ,decide ,regret ,know ,read ,discover ,guess ,learn ,realize
,think, doubt ,hear ,notice ,regret ,feel ,hope ,understand remember |
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Book 22 11 Emphatic do When we want to stress or
emphasize an action can use do ,does ,did ,before the verb Alan : do you want to play soccer
with this afternoon Rick : I don’t play soccer ,but I
do play tennis Ann :does Andy have a class
tonight ? Paul : not tonight ,but he does
have one Monday Bart : not you meet my niece last night ? Owen : no ,but I did meet your
nephew Note : use the emphatic do
sparingly (بشكل ضئيل ( |
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Book 22 12 suffixes –ful and –less We can add the suffixes –ful
and –less ,to some nouns to make adjectives .the suffixes –ful
and –less have opposite meanings : -ful means “full of or
having “ and ,-less “ means without “ Or not having Power the general is a very powerful man (he has a lot of power and
authority ) I couldn’t do any thing .i felt powerless
(I didn’t have the power to do anything Care key always obeys the traffic laws ,she’s a
careful driver We cannot add these suffixes to
all nouns to make words with opposite meaning Friend he is friendless He doesn’t have a friend We can’t ad-full to ‘friend “ |
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Book 22 13 Modal review Can /was or were going to /be unable to /had
better Can is used to show possibility You can see the whole city from
this tower Mark can jog tonight if he
finishes work early Was /were going to is used to show past
intention I was going to call you ,but I
didn’t have time We were going to go to the beach
,but it stated to rain Be unable to is used to show inability or in capability
Ed has lost his watch and is
unable to find it The sound was too low ,so we were
unable to hear the tape clearly Was /were going to is used to show past intention I was going to call you ,but I
didn’t have time We were going to the beach ,but it
started to rain Be unable to is used to show inability or incabality El has lost his watch and is
unable to find it The sound was too low ,so we were
unable to hear the tape clearly Had better is used to give advice We had better call off the soccer
game tonight It’s starting to rain .you ‘d
better take your umbrella |
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Book 22 14 Get –passive Get-passive is used to refer to an action That happens to something or
someone The house will get finished
eventually John and sue got married last Saturday Larry has gotten accepted by smith
university |
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Book 22 15 Indirect speech : Reported present perfect A present perfect tense in
direct speech should be changed to the past perfect in indirect speech Pam : have you ever been to Paris
,Paul ? Paul : no ,I’ve never been there Dan: what did Pam ask you ? Paul : she asked if I had ever
been to |
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Book23 1 Present and past
participles as noun modifiers A participle is a verb form
which can be used either in a verb phrase or as adjective .the participle
ends in –ing .the past participle ends is –ed –d –t –n –or en
The water which is boiling
produces steam (present participle used in a
verb phrase ) Boiling water produces steam . (present participle used as an
adjective ) He opened the envelope which had
been sealed (past participle used in a verb
phrase ) He opened the sealed envelope (past participle used as an
adjective ) In a participle – noun
combination ,the noun receives the primary stress (/) and the
participle receives the secondary stress ( \ ) He walked for a mile in the pouring rain The bank will return your
cancelled check |
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Book23 2 Review of question – word questions Question – word questions are
used to ask for specific information ,such at a time ,a name ,a location or a
……..,they begin with one of the question words : who ,whom ,which ,what
,whose ,when ,where ,why ,and how . Where the party ? Who’s invited ? How many people will be there ? What time does the entertainment
start ? When are you going ? |
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Book23 3 present and past participle as
objective complements a present or past participle can
be used after a direct object to modify the direct object .the direct and
participle will follow the verb catch ,discover ,find ,keep or leave
,(note : the verb catch doesn’t ordinarily take a past
participle as a complement ) a present participle is used
when the direct object performs an action a past participle is used when the
direct object receives the action
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Book 23 4 Review of the imperative
form The second person imperative is
used to give commands .instructions ,and directions . the simple form of the
verb(the bare infinitive ) is used .the negative imperative is formed with do
not or don’t Answer the phone
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Book 23 5 Adverb clauses of time Adverb clauses of time show the chronological relationship of one action to
another ,they usually modify the verb of the main clause but can also modify
the whole sentence ,most follow the main clause and are not separated from it
by a comma . Please lock the door when you
leave others precede the main clause and are followed by a comma When you leave ,please lock the
door Adverb of clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions : as
,after ,before ,now that ,until ,when ,while ,whenever ,since ,and as soon
as . |
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Book 23 6 The gerund as a noun
modifier A gerund is a verbal noun ending
in –ing ,it can be used before another noun to describe that noun’s
phrase A fishing boat =a boat for fishing
In a gerund –noun combination
,the gerund receives the primary stress (/) the other noun receives ta
weaker stress called third (\) Typing paper =paper for typing |
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Book23 7 Prepositions of place and
direction Prepositions which indicate
place or location At, beside , near ,over ,
above , between ,next to ,throughout ,among ,in ,on ,under ,behind , in back
of , on top of , underneath ,below , in front of , opposite ,beneath ,inside Prepositions which indicate
direction of movement Around ,from ,on ,through ,
as far as ,in ,onto ,to ,away from , into , out (of ) ,toward (s) down ,off
,past ,up |
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Book 23 8 The suffix – ward The suffix – ward (s) is
used to form adjectives and adverbs
which indicate a direction in time or space . Northward ,southward ,eastward
,westward ,upward(s) ,downward(s) backward (s) |
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Book 23 9 The suffix –ern The suffix -ern indicates that something occurs
in or is situated in a certain direction It is added to nouns to form
adjectives Northern ,southern , eastern
,western
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Book 23 10 Indirect speech : reported
present perfect progressive When a statement or question in
the present perfect progressive tense is reported ,two changes occur : 1 . the tense of the verb
changes from the present perfect progressive to the past perfect progressive Jim said ;” ann has been teaching
French “ Jim said that ann had been
teaching French Jan asked ;” have you been working
here long ,ed ? Jan asked ed if he had been
working here long 2. first and second person
pronouns change to the third person (unless someone is reporting his own
words ) Ken said ;” I have been trying to
lose weight “ Ken told me that he had been
trying to lose weight Kay said ;” I’ve been trying to
reach you ,jan “ I told jan I had been trying to
reach her |
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Book 23 11 He he told me that they had been
working all day
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Book 23 12 Using : should ,ought to
,and should have to express expectancy Should and ought to are used to express what we suppose
is happening now or will probably
happen in the future I mailed the package yesterday You should get it tomorrow We ordered dinner 20 minutes ago The waiter ought to be bringing
our food soon Should have is used to express expectations about actions or
conditions in the past The flight left It should have already landed in |
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Book 23 13 Suffixes -ance /.ence The suffixes – ance , and
ence can be added to verbs from nouns which name an act ,condition or
quality Accept +ance …………acceptance (the act of accepting ) Exist +ence …………….existence ( the condition of existence ) Acceptance ,annoyance
,appearance ,assistance ,attendance ,convergence ,confidence ,correspondence
,difference , dependence ,existence ,insistence ,interference ,maintenance
,resistance ,negligence ,observance ,performance ,reliance ,tolerance |
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Book 23 15 Review of adverbs of
degree Adverbs of degree are used to
emphasize or limit adjectives or other adverbs ,the following adverbs of
degree are placed in front of the word they modify: A little , entirely ,much
,scarcely , absolutely ,extremely ,nearly so ,almost ,fairly ,only ,somewhat
,awfully ,far ,quite ,such a (n) ,barely ,hardly , rather ,too ,completely
,just ,really ,very One adverb of degree differs
from these enough follows the adjective or adverb it modifies I though the test was fairly easy Al found the exam extremely
difficult He must not have studied hard
enough The students did rather well on
their tests this morning |
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Book 24 1 The gerund as direct
object Some verbs in enough are followed by a gerund or a gerund phrase
.the gerund is the verb form which ends in – ing the gerund is used as a noun
This
is a part list of verbs which can be follwed by a gerund Allow
,enjoy ,postpone ,resist ,anticipate ,escape ,practice ,start ,appreciate
,finish ,put off ,stop ,begin ,imagine ,quit,suggest ,can’t help ,keep
,recall .tolerate ,consider ,like (to
,ing ) recommend
,understand ,continue ,mind ,regret ,deny ,miss ,remember ,discuss ,permit
,report |
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Book 24 2 The suffix - fy ,ify The suffix –fy or ify
is added to some nouns and adjectives to make verbs .the suffix express the
meaning of to make or become ,note the spelling Beauty /beatify ,glory /glorify
,pure /purify ,class /classify ,just /justify ,simple /simplify ,clear
/clarify ,liquid /liquefy ,solid /solidify ,electric /electrify ,person
/personify ,terror /terrify ,false /falsify |
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Book 24 3 Reducing an adverb clause
of time to a modifying phrase An adverb clause of time is
introduced by conjunctions such as after ,before ,since ,until ,when
,whenever and while It can be reduced to a modifying
phrase if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the main clause
of time are the same this is done by omitting the subject of the adverb
clause and by changing the verb in the adverb clause to the –ing form ,if the
verb be is present in the verb clause it’s also omitted (*) I feel sleepy whenever I study after
dinner I feel sleepy whenever studying
after dinner Before we opened the door ,we head
a loud a loud noise Before opening the door ,we heard
a loud noise Could you walk after you fell off
the horse ? Could you walk after falling off
the horse ? While you were in While in |
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Book 24 4 One use of the gerund A gerund or gerund phrase can be
the subject of a sentence and appear before the verb ,it can be made negative
by placing the word not before the gerund ,if there’s a subject of the gerund
,it must be in the possessive * form Eating too much candy is bad for
your teeth Not getting enough sleep will make
you feel tired at work Johnny’s fast driving caused him
to lose his license |
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Book 24 5 Another use of the gerund A gerund phrase can be the
subject of a sentence and may appear after the verb in an anticipatory it construction It’s been a pleasure meeting you
(means the same as ) Meeting you has been a pleasure It hasn’t been fun climbing this
mountain (means the same as ) Climbing this mountain hasn’t been
fun |
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Book 24 6 One more use of the gerund
A gerund or gerund phrase may be
used as the object of a preposition ,it can be made negative by placing the
word not the gerund ,it must be in the possessive * form Thank you for being my friend We were happy about not having
homework When he spoke to the soldiers ,the
colonel insisted on their standing at attention About ,at ,for ,in ,on ,over
,to with |
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Book 24 7 Tag questions Tag questions are short
questions are attached to statements affirmative statements have negative tag
questions ,negative statements have affirmative tag questions Tag question can have a rising
intonation or falling intonation ,each kind of intonation expresses something
different ,tag questions with arising intonation are used to seek confirmation the speaker is not certain
about the information ,tag questions with falling intonation are used to seek
agreemeny the speaker is certain about
the information and wants you to agree with him I’m correct about the answer
,aren’t I ? We have to go to work tomorrow
,don’t we ? The weekends never seem long
enough ,do they ? |
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Book 24 8 Subjective
that noun clause after anticipatory it A noun
clause which follows an anticipatory –it
construction has the verb in the subjunctive mood
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Book 24 9 Tenses indicating future A future action or condition is
expressed with will or be going to, when there is certainty about a future
action, the simple present tense or the present progressive may also be used.
Time expressions often accompany these lat tenses to clarify time.
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Book 24 10 Indefinite pronounce :
some -, any -, and no- compounds The indefinite pronounce something,
someone, somebody , any thing , any one , any body can be used in
questions. Did al put something in his car? Did you see someone /somebody in
the lab? Would you like any thing to drink? Did you speak to anyone/anybody
about your problem? |
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Book 24 11 To-infinitive as direct
object An infinitive is the word to
+simple form of a verb An infinitive ma is used as a noun
.in the pattern illustrated below, an infinitive or an infinitive phrase is
used as a direct object. Note the negative form of the phrase.
This is a partial list of verbs
which are followed by an infinitive. the verbs with an asterisk may also be
followed by a gerund phrase Afford, agree, aim, appear,
arrange, ask, bother, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail,
happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, proceed, promise,
refuse, request, seem, tend, threaten, volunteer, wait, want , wish, Asterisks : Attempt, begin, continue,
forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean, need, neglect, plan, prefer, regret,
remember, start, try. |
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Book24 12 Past perfect and past participle
in indirect speech When direct speech with a past
perfect or past perfect progressive tense is changed to indirect speech
The
indefinite pronouns something ,someone ,some body ,anything ,anyone ,anybody
,nothing ,no one ,and nobody ,can be used in affirmative sentence Ed
put something in his desk A saw
someone /somebody in the library You
may choose anything you want from the menu Anyone
/anybody in that office can help you Nothing
you say will change my mind No
one /no body wants to do the assignment The
indefinite pronouns anything ,anybody ,and anyone can be used in negative
sentence Joe
didn’t bring anything to wear for cold weather I don’t
want anyone /anybody to know I’m leaving |
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Boo24 13 Indefinite :some =,any
-,and ,no- compounds The indefinite adverbs someplace
,somewhere ,anyplace ,anywhere can be used in questions Would you like to someplace
/somewhere after dinner ? Are you going anyplace /anywhere
this weekend ? The indefinite adverbs ,someplace
,somewhere ,anyplace ,anywhere ,noplace ,and nowhere, can be used in
affirmative sentences John went someplace /somewhere
this morning Sit down anyplace /anywhere when
the show begins Ed’s going noplace /nowhere during
his vacation The indefinite adverbs anyplace
and anywhere can be used in negative sentences I feel ill ,so I won’t go anyplace
/anywhere tonight |
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Book 24 14 Verbs of perception +bare
inf or present participle Certain verbs of perception and
their objects are followed by the bare inf (without “to”)or the oresent
participle (the –ing form )the bare inf is used to emphasize completion of
the action The present participle is used
to emphasize the duration of the action These follow the pattern : Feel,look at ,observe , smell
,hear ,notice ,see ,watch ,listen to The verb smell can be
used only with the present participle form We saw him run /running across the field I didn’t hear bill knock /knocking
at the door Did you notice the doctor go
/going into the room ? Can’t you smell the cookies baking
in the kitchen ? |
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Book 24 15 We can add the suffixes –ent
/ant to some verbs to make adjectives ,they express “that has , shows ,does “
Note the spelling change |
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Preposition s of time At – is used with time of day with an age ,and with the
worlds ,night ,first ,last ,beginning ,end At noon ,at midnight ,at 7:00 am
At the age of twelve At night ,at first,at last At the beginning ,at the end On –days ,dates ,parts of certain day ,words time schedule On Monday ,on your birthday On October 18 On the evening of june 8 On time ,on schedule In quatities of time beginning ,end
In ten minutes ,in an hour In a week ,in two years In the beginning ,in the end From –with to ,or till ,or until Before and after
time of day ,dates ,nouns that names events or occurrences Before noon ,after 5 : pm
,before December 31 , after april 15 ,before the game ,after dinner After –quantity of time After 6 months After thirty years For –period of time Since –definit times |
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Become
/get Become
……….noun Adjective Get
……………adjective |
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Too
+ oredicate adjective +to –infintive To
express exessiteness Ex the
food is too greasy ( I can’t eat it ) |
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Present
perfect tense S
+ have /has + past participle 1.Action
begin in the past and still happening I have been in 2 . an action began in the past and just
finished I have already eaten my launch 3 . an action that happened at an indefinite
time in the past I
have been to (already
,recently ,just ,since ,for ,yet ) This
time Present
perfect progressive S +
have /has + been + ing I have been reading since 3 o’clock |
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Suffix-y
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Could
…………past ability |
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Adjective
clause Who
___________ person Which
__________things That
___________both person /things |
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الحمد
لله رب العالمين |